This study lays its purpose mainly on specifying a hypothetical structural model based on previous studies and theories in order to identify the relation between degrees of participation, motivation to participate, commitment, and golf accomplishment, and ascertaining the causal relation between these variables, among amateur golfers under 100 strokes. In order to attain these goals, the researcher chose degrees of participation as an exogenous potential variable and motivation to participate, commitment, and golf accomplishment as endogenous potential variables and tested the causal relation between potential variables through the hypothetical structural model using a structural equation model. Regarding subjects, the researcher sampled 508 amateur golfers under 100 strokes who were practicing in golf practice ranges located in Gyeongsangnamdo, by employing stratified cluster sampling. Through this study the following results were derived. First, as a result of the goodness-of-fit of the golf accomplishment model, the fit index was found to be good, while two paths from motivation to participate to golf accomplishment and from commitment to golf accomplishment were found to be insignificant. Second, degrees of participation had significant effects on motivation to participate, commitment, and golf accomplishment. Especially regarding the effects of degrees of participation on commitment, the indirect effects through motivation to participate rather than the direct effects were stronger. Third, motivation to participate had significant effects on commitment, while did not on golf accomplishment. Fifth, commitment did not have significant effects on golf accomplishment.

This study was to explore the sport talents for sport talented. In order to explore the excellence in sport 212 athletes and coaches responded to open-ended questionnaires and in-depth interview. The results of open-ended questionnaires were analyzed by content analysis. As the results, sport talents were task commitment, physical intelligence, and competition intelligence. Task commitment was defined as a challenges in the training or competitions to set goals and to achieve the targeted task overcoming difficult circumstances. The factors of task commitment were commitment, a sense of purpose, mental toughness, and passion for excellence. Physical intelligence was defined as the ability moving body by their own intention such as physical fitness and motor skills. The factors of physical intelligence were fitness, motor skills, physical condition, and motor fitness. Competition intelligence was defined as an ability to find and apply optimal solution in competition using physical intelligence. The factors of competition intelligence were practical in intelligence, analytical intelligence, learning ability, performance intelligence, and creative intelligence. Even though, recent researches on the sports talented were mainly focused on assessment and evaluation of the sport talented. Therefore, the nature of sports talented need to be deployed actively in sports psychology researches. The validity of sport talented, development of proper interest for sport talented will be improved through this research approach in sport psychology.

This study examined the effect of length of a rest period after a practice session on learning of a golf putting. Sixty participants were asked to putt the ball as close to the target as possible. The performance score represented actual distance (in cm) from the target. Participants putted 120 balls in the practice phase and 20 balls in the test phase. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four test groups that differed in the length of a rest period (immediate, 1, 5, and 24 hr). On the contrary to the prediction of memory consolidation view the participants in the 5- and 24-hr rest groups did not show improved performance during a test phase. All the rest groups revealed decrements in test performance. The amount of performance decrement tended to increase with the length of a rest period. The present results indicated that memory did not improve after the rest. Rather, the loss of memory occurred over the rest period. However, it appears that the decrement in test performance is due to not memory losses but to the need to warm up for the task again after the rest. The internal sets that supported the golf putting skill was temporarily lost over the rest period and had to be reinstated during a 20 retention trials, resulting in a temporary decrement in performance. Considering a warm-up decrement the present study requires a complementally experimental design rather than rejecting the view of motor memory consolidation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether students` perceptions of teacher interaction differ by students` and their physical educators` gender, and to examine the effects of teachers` interactional behaviors on attitudes toward physical education. Participants were 473 middle school students (236 boys, 237 girls). Data were analyzed by 2(student`s gender)×2(teacher`s gender) MANOVA with factorial design, correlation, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results of MANOVA indicated that girls learning from female teachers were given more opportunities to assume responsibility for their own activities than girls in male teachers` classes, whereas boys learning from male teachers were given more opportunities to assume responsibility for their own activities than boys in female teachers` classes. Boys participating in female teachers` classes perceived that their teachers is more strict with and demanding of students than boys in male teachers` classes. But girls learning from female teachers perceived teacher`s behavior was more strict compared with girls in male teachers` classes. Results of regression analyses showed that students` perceptions of leadership, helping/friendly, understanding behaviors were a predictor of enjoyment. Teacher`s leadership behavior was a positive predictor of perceived usefulness, but his or her uncertain behavior in class contributed to perceived usefulness negatively. These results suggest that students` perceptions of teacher interaction in class differ by student`s and teacher`s gender, and positive sectors of interactional behavior by physical education teachers have influence on students` attitude toward physical education.

The purpose of this study is to examine a mediated effect of positive and negative affects in the relationship between perfectionism and physical health among dance students. For this, 444 boys and girls students from arts high schools responded to the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, PANAS-X, and Physical Symptom Checklist. Results of SEM were as follows; (1) Striving for perfectionism had direct effect on negative affect, which in turn was partially mediated by positive affect. (2) Positive affect had direct effect on physical health, which was partially mediated by negative affect. (3) Negative response to imperfection influenced directly to and indirectly to physical health mediated by negative affect. In conclusion, the results suggest that perfectionism orientation in dance class setting may have both negative and positive effects on dance major students` emotion and physical well-being.

The purpose of this study was to validate a causality model of adolescent players` perceived motivational climate, fun, and commitment. Data were collected from 738 male adolescent players in soccer, basketball, and baseball teams. The reliability and validity tests, MANOVA, two-way ANOVA, correlation tests and SEM were conducted to validate the hypothesized causality model. The results showed that adolescent players had higher scores on the perception of mastery climate than competitive climate. Basketball and baseball players had higher scores on the perception of mastery climate than soccer players, whereas baseball and soccer players had higher scores on the perception of competitive climate than basketball players. Second, there were significant differences on all the factors of sport fun by level of schools and sport types, but there was no significant difference on perception of competence by level of schools. Third, there were significant differences on behavior commitment by sport types and there was interaction effect on cognition commitment. Fourth, the perception of mastery climate was positively associated with sport fun and commitment but the perception of competitive climate didn`t have any or negative association with fun and commitment. Fifth, the hypothesized causality model showed a good fit. The perception of mastery climate had a positive impact on fun and indirect effect on commitment. The perception of competitive climate did not affect fun but affected commitment negatively. Fun had high positive impact on commitment. Finally, multi-group analysis revealed that the causality model was fit for all the groups(high/middle school groups, and sport types).

Response complexity effect studies have consistently revealed slower reaction times with more complex movements. However, some researchers have questioned whether cognitive processing time is indeed extended by factors such as movement complexity and accuracy. The limb mass involved with movements could be a confound. Eye movements allow research on the same phenomenon without the confounding effect of body mass. The current study investigated the movement complexity effect of eye movements by using electrooculargram (EOG) which can overcome the sensitivity constraint of eye tracking system. Ten participants performed four different eye movement conditions (i.e., moving from a central focus position to a target located at the periphery). A movement complexity effect was identified. Two, three, and four saccadic eye movement conditions took longer to initiate than one saccade. this results confirmed that response complexity effect is responsible for processing time delay involved with response programing stage. Additionally, movement kinematics of first saccadic eye movement revealed that reversal saccadic eye movement with the same movement amplitude caused more efficient reorganization of motor program than single saccadic eye movement.

The purpose of this study was to verify the contributions on the servant leadership of short track coaches proposed as futuristic alternative leadership, the empowerment which is motivational orientation of athletes and sport emotion which expedites the achievement behavior, on the basis of the relationship between short track coaches-athletes. The data were collected among national short track athletes by purposeful sampling method and total 263 copies of data were used in this study. The normality test on collected data was verified by using of descriptive statistics. The validity and reliability of extracted servant leadership, empowerment and sport emotion were proven by exploratory & confirmatory factor analysis. The relationship among each factor was analyzed by correlation analysis, hierarchial regression analysis and 3-stage mediating analysis. The results were as follows. First, the community spirit and sympathy development of servant leadership had positive effect on the influence, self-determination and task meaningfulness of empowerment. The vision offering and sympathy development had positive effect on the role performance. Second, the community spirit and vision offering had negative effect on anger, while they had positive effect on pride, in the viewpoint of relationship between servant leadership and sport emotion. Third, the influence and role performance of empowerment had negative effect on anxiety, while the self-determination and role performance of empowerment had positive effect on pride, in the viewpoint of relationship between empowerment and sport emotion. Fourth, for the relationship between servant leadership and sport emotion, it was presented that empowerment had the mediating effect.

This article outlines the development and initial validation of the Sport Friendship Quality Scale (SFQS), a multidimensional self-report measure designed to assess the friendship quality, which originated from the work of Weiss and Smith (1999). SFQS is consisted of six factors (22-items) with self-esteem enhancement and supportiveness, loyalty and intimacy, things in common, companionship and pleasant play, conflict resolution, and conflict. Data were collected from 517 youth athletes. In order to test the validity and reliability of Korean version of SFQS, we followed the Guidelines for Translating and Adapting tests (GTAT) given by the International Test Commissions (ITC) and performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to confirm the factorial validity, as well as internal consistency and correlations among six variables. As a result, K-SFQS had 6 factors with 20 items, and eliminated 2 items (conflict resolution/ conflict). Recommendation and suggestion for the use in research pertaining to the social-and-interpersonal skills with the quality of friendship in sport participation are discussed.

The aims of this study were to introduce uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis and to apply for this hypothesis to simple human multi-finger tasks. The main questions in contemporary motor control theories have concerned what is actually being controlled within the human movement system and how the various actions of the units are coordinated to perform a motor-task successfully. The notion of "synergy" has been introduced to answer the questions. According to the synergy, the human controller coordinates several elemental variables in such a way that elemental variables work together in order to achieve a common goal. If the given task is to produce steady-state levels of total forces as accurately as possible by pressing with either two fingers or three fingers, many different combinations of finger forces are equally able to satisfy the task because the number of elemental variables (two or three finger forces) which involved in a particular task is greater than the number of constraints to be satisfied (sum of finger forces). This issue has been termed as motor redundancy problem. Analysis within the UCM hypothesis allowed quantifying co-variation of actions of elemental variables (e.g., end-effector forces, joint positions, etc) across repetitive trials decomposing variances into two components: 1) variance which does not affect the performance variable (VUCM, good variance) and 2) variance that affects the combined actions which is related to the performance error (VORT, bad variance). Further, presence of synergy and its strength were quantified by the relative amounts of VUCM and VORT with respect to the total variance (greater index=better coordination). The UCM analysis assumes that the relations between changes in elemental variables and a performance variable are linear (i.e., linear approximation). Thus, if the relations are non-linear, a different computational approach is necessary.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of bilateral coordination movement training on the temporal coordination of the upper-limb in chronic stroke patients. The basic assumption of this study was that bilateral movement training will be most effective when symmetric arm movement (in-phase), compared with when asymmetric arm movement (anti-phase). We compared with the kinematic and functional changes between two rehabilitation protocols: asymmetric and symmetric training. Four chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to the two training protocols. The subject completed a series of unilateral followed by symmetric and asymmetric bilateral training involving arm trainer and wooden block. Multiple baseline single design was implemented in determining when each patient switched from unilateral to symmetric and asymmetric bilateral training. Each subject was assigned to begin symmetric and asymmetric bilateral training between 4 and 8 session. The results of this study was followings. In reaching task, Peak velocity and movement time revealed that symmetric training was more efficient than asymmetric training. JTT hand function test revealed no consistent differences between groups. However JTT whole time with proximal joint test revealed that asymmetric group spend more performance duration than symmetric group. These results suggest that the symmetric movement in bilateral coordination movement can be main variable.

This paper examines an ongoing conceptual ambiguity between "flow" and "commitment" by analyzing the usage of the two concepts in a group of academic literature in sport psychology. The concept of flow refers to the mental state of operation in which a person in an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and success in the process of the activity. while the concept of commitment refers to the act of committing, pledging, or engaging oneself. However, the concepts have been used interchangeably within the academic community, which raises an urgent need of conceptual clarification in using the two terms. An analysis of 127 flow-related academic papers in sport psychology revealed that only 32 papers (25.2%) are found to use the concepts in a precise and consistent manner, whereas 95 papers (74.8%) did not consider the definition difference by using them with a lack of clarity. It is recommended that research should be based on conceptual rigorousness and clarity.

This study examined the mediating role of ego-resilience on relations between self-efficacy, stress, and self-esteem in elementary school physical education setting, and carried out an invariance analysis of the model across gender. Participants were 539 (288 boys, 251 girls) elementary school students. For data, structural equation modelling analysis and multi-group analysis were conducted. The results of structural equation modelling showed that children`s ego-resilience fully mediated the relations between self-efficacy and self-esteem. In contrast, stress in physical education setting was associated with children`s self-esteem and this relationship partially mediated by ego-resilience. Model fit was invariant across gender. These findings suggest that facilitating children`s ego-resilience through physical education classes is very important for their health, and are discussed in terms of its educational implications and future direction.